Method and apparatus for producing fine carbon particles

ABSTRACT

A method includes producing an isolation atmosphere in a phase changing area above a reactant liquid and then injecting a feed material into the reactant liquid. The feed material preferably comprises a quantity of a hydrocarbon compound. The method further includes maintaining the molecules of the injected hydrocarbon compound and any reaction products in contact with the reactant liquid for a period of time sufficient to liberate carbon atoms from the hydrocarbon compound or reaction products and place the liberated carbon atoms in an excited state. Liberated carbon atoms in the excited state are then allowed to traverse a surface of the reactant liquid and flow along a particle formation path through the phase changing area so that the liberated carbon atoms may phase change to the ground state while suspended in the phase changing area.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing carbonparticles from a suitable carbon source. The invention also includessystems for manufacturing fine carbon particles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Carbon exists in a chemically stable, crystalline form known asgraphite. Graphite may be found in either laminar hexagonal or laminarrhombohedral form. Carbon in the form of graphite is used in manydifferent industrial and other applications. In particular, graphite isused in lubricants, pigments, and xerographic toner. Since graphite is anaturally occurring mineral, it may be mined, cleaned, and milled toproduce the fine graphite particles required for many applications.Graphite may also be synthesized by the thermal and/or oxidativedecomposition of natural carbon sources such as petroleum gasses andliquids or coal. U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,139 to Stiller, et al. disclosesprior art methods for producing graphite.

There are a number of problems associated with prior art methods forproducing fine graphite particles. One problem is that naturallyoccurring graphite and synthesized graphite may include impurities andcontaminants that diminish the effectiveness of the material or may makeit unsuitable for certain applications. Also, the milling process usedto make fine graphite particles from natural occurring graphite andsynthesized graphite may leave the graphite particles larger thandesirable or useful for certain applications.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for manufacturing extremelyfine, substantially impurity-free carbon particles. The invention alsoencompasses systems for performing the carbon particle production methodand for collecting the resulting fine carbon particles.

A method embodying the principles of the invention includes producing anisolation atmosphere in a phase changing area above a reactant liquidand then injecting a feed material into the reactant liquid. The feedmaterial preferably comprises a hydrocarbon compound, but may includeany compound or material including carbon, that is, any carbon bearingmaterial. The method further includes maintaining the molecules of theinjected carbon bearing material and any reaction products in contactwith the reactant liquid for a period of time sufficient to liberatecarbon atoms from the carbon bearing material or reaction products andplace the liberated carbon atoms in an excited state. Liberated carbonatoms in the excited state are then allowed to traverse a surface of thereactant liquid and flow along a particle formation path through thephase changing area so that the liberated carbon atoms are enabled tophase change to the ground state in the phase changing area. Theresulting ground state carbon material may be in the form of diatomiccarbon or small carbon atom structures such as structures made up of oneor more hexagonal carbon atom rings. The carbon atom structures producedaccording to the invention may be referred to as nanocrystalline carbon.

As used in this disclosure and the accompanying claims, an “excitedstate” for carbon atoms is any electron state above the ground state. Inan excited state according to the present invention, the electrons ofthe liberated carbon atoms may be either at the second energy level,third energy level, or fourth energy level, and including the valenceenergy level. The “isolation atmosphere” in the phase changing areacomprises an atmosphere which encourages the chemically excited carbonatoms to phase change to the ground state at a location spaced apartfrom any collection surface or structure at the periphery of the phasechanging area. An isolation atmosphere is preferably maintained bymaintaining a sufficiently low temperature in the phase changing area,limiting the residence time of carbon atoms in the phase changing area,and/or by repelling the chemically excited carbon atoms from surfacesdefining the phase changing area. The isolation atmosphere alsopreferably limits the presence of any constituents that would chemicallyor physically interfere with the formation of the desired fine carbonparticles. For example, the isolation atmosphere preferably includesessentially no oxygen or other constituents that would chemicallycombine with the excited carbon atoms, and limited amounts of atoms thatphysically block the excited carbon atoms from combining to form thedesired fine carbon particles.

An apparatus or system embodying the principles of the inventionincludes a reactant liquid vessel for containing a reactant liquid at areactant liquid level and an injection arrangement for injecting astream of feed material into the reactant liquid vessel at a point belowthe reactant liquid level. A phase changing chamber is positioned toreceive effluent escaping from the reactant liquid in the reactantliquid vessel in an effluent ejection area, and an isolation conditionmaintaining arrangement maintains isolation conditions in the phasechanging chamber. These isolation conditions enable chemically excitedcarbon in the effluent to phase change to a ground state while suspendedin the phase changing chamber and spaced apart from any surfaces withinor defining the phase changing chamber.

These and other advantages and features of the invention will beapparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments,considered along with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of an apparatus embodying theprinciples of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic end view of an outlet end of the reactionchamber shown in FIG. 1.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The claims at the end of this application set out novel features whichthe Applicant believes are characteristic of the invention. The variousadvantages and features of the invention together with preferred modesof use of the invention will best be understood by reference to thefollowing description of illustrative embodiments read in conjunctionwith the drawings introduced above.

Referring to the diagrammatic representation of FIG. 1, an apparatus 100for producing fine graphite particles according to the present inventionincludes a reactant liquid vessel 101 for containing a reactant liquid105 at a reactant liquid level 102. An injection arrangement showngenerally at reference numeral 103 allows a stream of feed material tobe injected into reactant liquid vessel 101 at an injection point 104below reactant liquid level 102. Apparatus 100 further includes conduitwall 106 defining a phase changing chamber 107 positioned to receiveeffluent escaping from the reactant liquid in an effluent ejection areashown generally at reference numeral 108.

Preferred forms of the invention include an isolation arrangementassociated with phase changing chamber 107. This isolation arrangementmay include an electrical charging device 109 connected to maintain adesired electrical charge state on the inner boundary surface of wall106 defining phase changing chamber 107. Alternatively, or in additionto charging device 109, the isolation arrangement may include anisolation fluid injecting system for directing an isolation fluid alongthe inner boundary surface of phase changing chamber 107. FIG. 1 showsan isolation fluid injecting system made up of two separate isolationfluid jackets 110 and 111, defining isolation fluid chambers 112 and 113respectively. A number of fluid passages (not shown due to the scale ofFIG. 1) may extend transversely through the wall 106 of the phasechanging chamber 107 to allow the isolation fluid to flow into the areadefined by the phase changing chamber. The isolation fluid is suppliedfrom an isolation fluid supply or reservoir 114 shown in FIG. 1 throughdistribution lines 115 containing appropriate valving and pressure/flowcontrol elements.

The apparatus shown in FIG. 1 includes a reaction chamber portion formedwithin vessel 101 below the reactant metal level 102. This reactionchamber is shown generally at reference numeral 116 and is defined by atunnel structure having an upper wall 117 located below the reactantliquid level 102 in vessel 101. The tunnel structure is best shown inthe end view of FIG. 2 and includes side walls 118 in addition to theupper wall 117. Referring again to FIG. 1, the tunnel structure producesan elongated tunnel below the reactant liquid level 102 in vessel 101.Feed material is injected at a feed end 119 of the tunnel structure andreaction products from the reaction of the feed material in the reactantliquid exits the tunnel structure at an outlet end 120. The figures showthese reaction products in the reactant metal as bubbles 121. Preferredforms of the tunnel structure include one or more flow channels or lips122 at the outlet end 120 that each define a location in which therelatively light reaction products collected at the top of the tunnelstructure exit the tunnel. The importance of directing the reactionproducts to particular locations will be described further below inconnection with the operation of phase changing chamber 107.

The tunnel reaction chamber structure and reactant liquid vesselarrangement shown in FIG. 1 is similar to the arrangement shown in U.S.Pat. No. 6,227,126 to the present inventor. The entire content of thisprior patent is incorporated herein by this reference. The function ofthe tunnel structure is to help ensure good contact between the reactantliquid and the feed material and between the reactant liquid and anyintermediate reaction products that form from initial reactions of feedmaterial. The placement of the tunnel below the reactant liquid level102 also ensures that a pressure is maintained on the feed material andintermediate reaction products. This pressure results from the column ofreactant liquid above the feed material and intermediate reactionproducts. The tunnel structure shown in the present drawings includesone or more vents or passages 123 spaced apart along the length of thetunnel structure to allow fresh reactant metal to continually flow intothe tunnel structure at different points along its length and to helpaccommodate the expansion of gasses in the tunnel.

The form of the invention shown in FIG. 1 includes an enclosure 124 overreactant liquid vessel 101. It will be appreciated that apparatus 100will also commonly require an arrangement for heating the reactantliquid to maintain it in a desired temperature range, and an arrangementfor circulating the reactant liquid in vessel 101 and especially throughthe reaction chamber 116 defined by the tunnel structure walls 117 and118 in the direction shown by arrow F in FIG. 1. Further details on thetunnel structure and the structure of vessel 101 and arrangements forheating and circulating reactant liquid, particularly a liquid reactantmetal such as aluminum alone or together with other metals, may be foundin U.S. Pat. No. 6,227,126. However, since these details are notnecessary for an understanding of the present invention, such detailsare omitted here.

Feed material injection arrangement 103 includes an injection conduit125 having an outlet end that extends to injection point 104 below thereactant liquid level 102. The injection point 104 is located so thatthe feed material exiting the conduit is captured within the tunnelstructure under upper wall 117 and thus is forced to flow along theupper wall and along the entire length of the tunnel structure before itcan exit the reactant liquid in effluent ejection area 108. This flowalong the lower surface of upper tunnel wall 117 helps ensure completedestruction of the feed material and any intermediate reaction productsthat may form as the feed material is destroyed by reaction with or inthe reactant liquid. Injection point 104 is also preferably at a depthbelow the reactant liquid level 102 to produce a desired reactionpressure due to the column of reactant liquid above the injection point.For a predominantly aluminum reactant liquid this pressure isapproximately 2.4 pounds per square inch above atmospheric pressure. Dueto the relatively high temperature that may be present in the reactantliquid, conduit 125 is preferably enclosed in a suitable thermalinsulating sheath 127 which may comprise one or more layers ofinsulating material or a jacket through which a cooling fluid may becirculated. The upper end of conduit 125 is connected to a line whichultimately extends to a feed material supply 128 and preferably a purgegas supply 129 through a suitable arrangement of control valves andpressure/flow regulators 130.

Phase changing chamber 107 is located with respect to the outlet end 120of the tunnel structure so that reaction products 121 are ultimatelycaptured preferably in the middle of the phase changing chamber. Thatis, the reaction products 121 flow up from flow channels 122 andtraverse the surface of the reactant liquid in effluent ejection area108 into the area defined as phase changing chamber 107 surrounded bychamber wall 106. Phase changing chamber 107 ultimately leads to aparticle collection device 134 such as a bag house or other device forremoving fine particles from a stream of gas. More than one particlecollection device may be included in the apparatus 100 even though onlyone is shown for purposes of example. Other forms of the invention mayinclude a particle collection arrangement that includes a first devicefor selectively trapping any particles other than graphite particlesexiting the phase changing chamber 107, and a separate device fortrapping graphite particles. A particle collection arrangement mayalternatively include a carbon collection device first and then a devicefor collecting other particles that may exit the system through chamber107.

In the form of the invention shown in FIG. 1, chamber wall 106 thatdefines phase changing chamber area 107 comprises a downwardly flutedwall that terminates just above the reactant liquid level 102. Thefluted wall 106 helps ensure that effluent, including the desiredchemically excited carbon atoms, escaping from the reactant liquid ineffluent ejection area 108 flows upwardly into the center of the chamberarea 107. Other forms of the invention may include non-fluted walls todefine phase changing chamber area 107. Also, wall 106, fluted orotherwise, may terminate below reactant liquid level 102 provided thatthe wall is made of a material that can withstand prolonged contact withthe reactant liquid, or are at least is coated with a protectivematerial to allow such prolonged contact. It will be appreciated thatall of the components in apparatus 100 that come in contact with thereactant liquid must be made from, or coated with, a material that canwithstand contact with the reactant liquid. Preferred materials comprisesuitable refractory or ceramic materials particularly where the reactantliquid comprises a reactant liquid metal such as aluminum and mixturesof aluminum and other metals.

A method according to the present invention may now be described withreference to FIG. 1. Such a method includes liberating carbon atoms froma carbon source or feedstock comprising preferably hydrocarbonmolecules, and maintaining the liberated carbon atoms in an excitedstate. This step of liberating carbon atoms is performed in apparatus100 in FIG. 1 by contacting a carbon source feed material from supply128 with the reactant liquid in vessel 101. Apparatus 100 ensuressufficient feed material contact time with the reactant liquid byforcing the feed material and any intermediate reaction products to flowthe entire length of the tunnel structure defined by upper tunnel wall117. Also, the reactant liquid is maintained at a suitable reactiontemperature to effect the desired liberation of carbon atoms. Forexample, where the reactant liquid is made up predominantly of aluminum,the liquid is maintained between approximately 650 degrees Celsius andapproximately 950 degrees Celsius. Injection point 104 and upper tunnelwall 117 are located deep enough in the reactant liquid to produce adesired reaction pressure, preferably at least 2.4 psig at least at somepoint in the apparatus, and where the reactant liquid comprisesaluminum. These preferred temperature and pressure conditions togetherwith the nature of the reactant liquid ensure the liberation of thedesired chemically excited carbon atoms and maintenance of the carbonatoms in the excited state while the carbon atoms remain in the reactantliquid.

The method also includes enabling the liberated carbon atoms in theexcited state to traverse the surface of the reactant liquid in theeffluent ejection area 108, and directing the liberated carbon atoms inthe excited state along a particle formation path 136 through a phasechanging area defined as the area of phase changing chamber 107. Theparticle formation path 136 preferably comprises a path down the centerof the phase changing chamber with preferably at least some separationfrom the inner surface of chamber walls 106. This flow along theparticle formation path 136 together with the isolation atmosphere inthe phase changing chamber 107 and the temperature conditions in thephase changing chamber enable the liberated, chemically excited carbonatoms to phase change in the phase changing chamber with minimalself-assembly to form very fine carbon particles. The preferredisolation from chamber wall or boundary 106 discourages any collectionof carbon atoms on the chamber wall and the formation of carbonnanostructures such as carbon nanotubes.

Enabling the liberated, chemically excited carbon atoms to phase changealong particle formation path 136 with minimal self-assembly may includecontrolling the temperature and effluent flow conditions along the path.In preferred forms of the invention, the temperature in the phasechanging area is maintained at a temperature below the temperature ofthe reactant liquid to encourage phase changing in the desired location.The temperature in phase changing chamber 107 and along path 136 therethrough may be between 300 degrees Fahrenheit and 3500 degrees Celsius,and preferably around 500 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature of thereactant liquid where the liquid comprises predominantly aluminum, maybe approximately 650 degrees Celsius. A reduction in temperature alongphase changing path 136 encourages the liberated carbon to quickly phasechange to the ground state. The flow conditions along phase changingpath 136 are preferably such that carbon atoms quickly traverse thepath, or at least quickly traverse that portion of the path where mostof the carbon atoms are phase changing to the ground state, and quicklyexit to the particle collection equipment. Maintaining a short residencetime in phase changing chamber 107 helps minimize self-assembly andensures that the resulting particles contain only small carbon particlesmade up of hexagonal or rhombohedral carbon rings, diatomic carbon, orother small carbon structures.

Maintaining an appropriate isolation atmosphere in phase changingchamber 107 also helps ensure the liberated carbon atoms phase change toform the desired small carbon particles by excluding atoms or moleculesthat would react with the liberated carbon atoms to form othermolecules. In particular, an appropriate isolation atmosphere comprisesan atmosphere that does not chemically or physically interfere with thedesired carbon particle formation. Purging phase changing chamber 107 ofmaterials that could chemically react with the liberated carbon beforeit can form the desired fine carbon particles may be particularlyimportant in creating and maintaining the desired isolation atmosphere.Thus, a preferred process includes first purging chamber 107 bydirecting a suitable purge gas from purge supply 129 to chamber 107. Aseparate purge arrangement may alternatively or additionally be includedin the system with a purge inlet directly in chamber 107 to preventhaving to run the purge gas through the reactant liquid. Suitable purgegasses include noble gasses such as argon and helium, inert gasses suchas nitrogen, and other gasses such as carbon monoxide, and burner fluegasses from the burner used to heat the reactant liquid.

Several alternate steps may be used to help ensure the desiredseparation of the liberated, chemically excited carbon atoms from theinner boundary walls 106 defining phase changing chamber 107. In onepreferred form of the invention, a suitable isolation fluid, which maycomprise any one or more of the above-described purge gasses, isdirected to flow along the inner surface of wall 106. In the form of theinvention shown in FIG. 1, directing the isolation fluid along the innersurface of wall 106 is accomplished by maintaining a slightly higherpressure in the fluid chambers 112 and 113 than in phase changingchamber 107 to cause the isolation fluid to continually flow through thespaced apart openings (not shown due to the scale of the drawing)through wall 106 leading from the respective fluid chamber 112 or 113 tochamber 107. This isolation fluid maintains a boundary layer of materialalong wall 106 that makes it difficult for any of the liberated carbonto reach the surface of the phase changing chamber wall.

Any suitable pattern of openings from fluid chamber 112 or 113 to phasechanging chamber 107 may be used to create the desired boundary layeralong the inner surface of wall 106. The openings should be spaced apartand sized to allow production of the boundary layer without having toinject excessive amounts of the isolation fluid. Also, it will beappreciated that a similar boundary layer effect may be produced withoutusing openings from a jacket chamber such as chambers 112 and 113 to thephase changing chamber 107. Rather, an isolation fluid may be injectedthrough tubes terminating near the entrance of phase changing chamber107 facing the reactant liquid in vessel 101. A number of isolationfluid injection points at least near the downward facing entrance ofchamber 107 would be required around the circumference of wall 106 inorder to provide the desired boundary effect along the wall surface. Itwill also be appreciated that regardless of whether a jacketedarrangement is used or some other arrangement for directing an isolationfluid along the inner surface of wall 106, the temperature of the fluidinjected into chamber 107 may be controlled to help produce the desiredtemperature conditions in the chamber to encourage the liberated carbonatoms to phase change while suspended in chamber 107. The flow ofisolation fluid may also be controlled to maintain a laminar flow regimein the isolation fluid along the inner surface of wall 106 and preventany rapid mixing of the isolation fluid with carbon atom-bearing fluideffluent from the reactant liquid.

Another technique for providing the desired separation of liberatedcarbon atoms from phase changing chamber wall 106 takes advantage of theelectron characteristics of the excited carbon atoms. Since thechemically excited carbon atoms include electrons elevated to a higherenergy state in the outer shells of each atom, the atoms may be repelledfrom a surface having excess electrons, that is, a surface having netnegative charge. Thus, the preferred form of the invention shown in FIG.1 includes charging device 109 connected through a suitable electricalconnection to produce the desired negative charge on the wall 106defining chamber 107. In forms of the invention which employ chargingdevice 109, wall 106 must be formed from a suitable material or coatedwith some material that can carry the desired electrical charge.

Other isolation techniques may be employed according to the presentinvention to help isolate the excited carbon atoms exiting the reactantliquid from reaching the inner surface of wall 106 and phase changing tocollect at the wall. One such additional technique comprises controllingthe effluent ejection area 108 at which effluent exits the reactantliquid so that the effluent enters phase changing chamber at pointswidely spaced apart from a wall 106. FIG. 1, shows the flow channel 122directing the reaction products to a point generally centered in thedownwardly facing entrance of chamber 107. Causing the effluent to enterchamber 107 at points widely spaced from a wall 106 helps ensure thatthe liberated carbon atoms have time to phase change to a ground stateand form ground state carbon particles prior to reaching the innersurface of wall 106. All of these techniques, the centering of effluentin chamber 107, the injection of isolation fluid, and the electricalcharge on the chamber wall 106, may be used together, separately, or inany combination to encourage the chemically excited carbon atoms phasechange to a ground state as they bond covalently with other carbon atomsto form fine carbon particles while suspended in phase changing chamber107.

Any number of reactant liquids may be used to react the feed materialsor feed material constituents according to the present invention. Apreferred reactant liquid comprises liquid aluminum either alone or withother metals as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,101, which is alsoincorporated herein in its entirety. Temperatures may preferably rangefrom approximately 650 degrees Celsius to approximately 950 degreesCelsius for reactant metals incorporating a substantial fraction ofaluminum. Other reactant liquids may be used within differenttemperature ranges sufficient to liberate carbon atoms in the chemicallyexcited state for producing the desired fine carbon particles ornanocrystalline carbon in chamber 107. The invention encompasses anyliquid that either reacts with the feed material or otherwise causescarbon atoms in the desired excited state to be liberated from the feedmaterial. The chemically excited carbon atoms may be liberated bychemical reduction (as in the case of a reactant liquid made uppredominantly of aluminum), by chemical oxidation, by providingchemically neutral electron reduction potentials, or by applyingsufficient kinetic energy (through heat) to break the carbon bonds toother atoms in the feed molecules, or by any combination of thesemechanisms. The reactant liquid may be a metal, acid, base, salt, or anycombination of these. The temperature of the particular liquid willdepend upon the particular reaction required to liberate the excitedcarbon atoms and the nature of the reactant liquid itself. For example,chemically neutral liquids that liberate carbon atoms by heat alone maybe held at very high temperatures to produce the desired carbonliberation, on the order of approximately 1500 degrees Celsius or more.

It will be appreciated that some carbon that escapes the reactant liquidmay also be diatomic carbon and double or triple bonded carbon. As usedin this disclosure and the accompanying claims, “liberated carbon atoms”includes single atom carbon, diatomic carbon, and other two-carboncombinations such as two-carbon double bonded structures and two-carbontriple bonded structures. All of the liberated carbon atoms escaping thereactant liquid will be chemically excited. Some of the two-carboncombinations that may escape the reactant liquid may be incorporated,together with single, chemically excited carbon atoms, into molecularlycombined carbon particles within the scope of the present invention.

The present invention may use any number of carbon bearing compounds ormaterials as the feed material or as part of the feed material.Preferred forms of the invention utilize hydrocarbon compounds includingsingle-bonded carbon either predominantly or exclusively. However,compounds including double and triple bonded carbon may be usedaccording to the invention provided sufficient contact time with thereactant liquid to liberate carbon atoms and place them in a chemicallyexcited state for production of fine carbon particles. Some forms of theinvention may adjust the content of the various hydrocarbon materials ina feed material mixture to provide a desired concentration of liberatedsingle carbon atoms and liberated carbon molecules for incorporationinto the desired carbon particles. For example, the feed materials maybe manipulated so that the effluent escaping the reactant liquidincludes carbon in desired relative concentrations of single carbonatoms and double bonded carbon molecules.

The above described preferred embodiments are intended to illustrate theprinciples of the invention, but not to limit the scope of theinvention. Various other embodiments and modifications to thesepreferred embodiments may be made by those skilled in the art withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention.

1. A method including: (a) producing an isolation atmosphere in a phasechanging area above a reactant liquid; (b) injecting a feed materialinto the reactant liquid, the feed material including a carbon bearingmaterial; (c) maintaining the carbon bearing material and any reactionproducts in contact with the reactant liquid for a period of timesufficient to liberate carbon atoms from the carbon bearing material orreaction products and place the liberated carbon atoms in an excitedstate; and (d) enabling the liberated carbon atoms in the excited stateto traverse a surface of the reactant liquid and flow along a particleformation path through the phase changing area so that the liberatedcarbon atoms are enabled to phase change to the ground state in thephase changing area.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the liberatedcarbon atoms are enabled to phase change to the ground state whilesuspended in the phase changing area.
 3. The method of claim 1 whereinthe reactant liquid includes liquid aluminum at a temperature at orabove 650 degrees Celsius.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein enablingliberated carbon atoms to flow along the particle formation pathincludes directing an isolation fluid along a boundary surface definingthe phase changing area.
 5. The method of claim 1 further including thestep of maintaining a boundary surface defining the phase changing areaunder a negative electrical charge.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein theisolation atmosphere includes one or more purge gases selected from agroup consisting of nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon monoxide, and heaterburner flue gasses.
 7. The method of claim 1 further including the stepof injecting an inert gas into the phase changing area to maintain aphase changing temperature in the phase changing area.
 8. The method ofclaim 1 further including the step of maintaining the phase changingarea at a temperature between approximately 300 degrees Fahrenheit and3500 degrees Celsius.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein the step ofmaintaining the carbon bearing material and any reaction products incontact with the reactant liquid includes placing the carbon bearingmaterial and reaction products in contact with the reactant liquid undera pressure of at least approximately 2.4 psig.
 10. The method of claim 1wherein the step of maintaining the carbon bearing material and anyreaction products in contact with the reactant liquid includes trappingthe carbon bearing material and reaction products in a reaction chamberhaving an upper surface below the surface of the reactant liquid. 11.The method of claim 1 wherein the step of injecting the carbon bearingmaterial into the reactant liquid comprises injecting the carbon bearingmaterial into a bath of reactant liquid at a depth sufficient to produceat least approximately 2.4 psig of pressure on the injected carbonbearing material by the column of reactant liquid above the carbonbearing material.
 12. A method including: (a) liberating carbon atomsfrom a carbon bearing material by reaction with or in a reactant liquidand maintaining the liberated carbon atoms in an excited state; (b)enabling the liberated carbon atoms in the excited state to traverse asurface of the reactant liquid; and (c) directing the liberated carbonatoms in the excited state through a phase changing area under isolationconditions at which the liberated carbon atoms in the excited statephase change to a ground state while such liberated carbon atoms aresuspended in the phase changing area.
 13. The method of claim 12 furtherincluding a boundary surface under a negative electrical charge, theboundary surface comprising a surface that defines the phase changingarea.
 14. The method of claim 12 further including the step directing anisolation fluid along a boundary surface defining the phase changingarea.
 15. The method of claim 12 further including the step of injectingan inert gas into the phase changing area to maintain a phase changingtemperature in the phase changing area.
 16. The method of claim 12including the step of maintaining the temperature in the phase changingtemperature between approximately 300 degrees Fahrenheit and 3500degrees Celsius.
 17. The method of claim 12 further including the stepof maintaining the carbon bearing material and reaction products under apressure of at least approximately 2.4 psig prior to traversing thesurface of the reactant liquid.
 18. The method of claim 12 furtherincluding the step of injecting a feed mixture made up of carbon bearingmaterial in an inert gas.
 19. The method of claim 12 wherein the step ofliberating carbon atoms from carbon bearing material includes trappingthe carbon bearing material and other reaction products in a reactionchamber having an upper surface below the surface of the reactantliquid.
 20. An apparatus including: (a) a reactant liquid vessel forcontaining a reactant liquid at a reactant liquid level; (b) aninjection arrangement for injecting a stream of feed material into thereactant liquid vessel at a point below the reactant liquid level; (c) aphase changing chamber positioned to receive effluent escaping from thereactant liquid in the reactant liquid vessel in an effluent ejectionarea; and (d) an isolation condition maintaining arrangement formaintaining isolation conditions in the phase changing chamber to enablechemically excited carbon in the effluent to phase change to a groundstate while suspended in the phase changing chamber.
 21. The apparatusof claim 20 wherein the isolation condition maintaining arrangementincludes an isolation fluid jacket surrounding at least a portion of thephase changing chamber and an arrangement for directing an isolationfluid along an inner surface of the phase changing chamber.
 22. Theapparatus of claim 20 wherein the isolation condition maintainingarrangement includes one or more inert gas injectors positioned toinject an isolation fluid into the phase changing chamber.
 23. Theapparatus of claim 20 further including a feed material mixingarrangement connected to a carbon bearing material supply and to aninert gas supply.
 24. The apparatus of claim 20 further including anarrangement for maintaining negative electrical charge on an innersurface of the phase changing chamber.